Overview

Upper arm and forearm fractures include breaks in the humerus, radius, and ulna. These injuries often occur due to falls, direct trauma, or high-impact accidents. An early diagnosis and appropriate treatment are essential to restore function and prevent long-term complications.

Fractures in this region include:

• Proximal humerus fractures
• Midshaft humerus fractures
• Distal humerus fractures
• Forearm shaft fractures (radius and/or ulna)
• Radial head fractures
• Olecranon fractures

Anatomy and Physiology

The upper arm consists of the humerus, which articulates with the shoulder and elbow. The forearm contains the radius and ulna, which run parallel and work together to allow wrist movement and forearm rotation. These bones are supported by muscles, ligaments, and nerves, enabling strength and flexibility.

Causes and Risk Factors

• Falls on an outstretched hand
• Direct trauma (e.g., sporting injuries or road traffic accidents)
• Osteoporosis
• High-risk activities or occupations

Signs and Symptoms

• Pain and swelling
• Visible deformity
• Limited range of motion
• Bruising
• Numbness or tingling (if nerves are affected)

Assessment and Diagnosis

Clinical Assessment

• Evaluation of injury mechanism
• Examination of pain location, limb function, circulation, and nerve supply

Imaging

• X-rays to identify fracture location and displacement
• CT scans for complex fractures
• MRI for associated soft tissue injuries

Treatment Options

Conservative Management

• Immobilisation (sling, brace, or cast)
• Pain relief
• Physiotherapy

Surgical Management

• Open Reduction and Internal Fixation (ORIF)
• External Fixation in severe trauma
• Intramedullary nailing for humeral shaft fractures

Prognosis and Recovery

• Healing typically occurs within 6–12 weeks
• Rehabilitation is vital to restore function
• Complications may include non-union, malunion, and joint stiffness

If you suspect you have sustained a fracture, you should seek medical intervention immediately. All our upper limb consultants are highly experienced in diagnosing and treating simple and complex upper limb trauma.

Book and Appointment today